Cloning is started to research in the earlier period itself and first they were used to cloned a organisms live with five sense and later microorganisms were researched for cloning In few decades, there has been much talk about the place that cloning should have in our society. Recent advances in cloning procedures have sparked great controversy and debate over the entire cloning issues, and many laws have been passed banning cloning for the specific purposes. In general, there are two main purpose for cloning: medical therapy and for the reproductions. Known as therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning, both of these procedures we are being used actively in some countries for research purposes.
Fig 1.1 Sperm choose for cloning process
Cloning
Cloning refers to the process of making a genetic duplicate of something that already exists. We often think of that cloning in human or animal terms for instances of Dolly, the cloned-sheep - however, single cells and genes were also be cloned. There are a variety of different ways to be cloned for an organisms and these are the procedures were followed and governed by different organisation in every country. Cloning that has been a highly controversial subject as of late, but in fact, cloning has been around for many years.First some of the Plants were have been used to cloned for decades and the first animals to be cloned was since that time, a number have been cloned, including sheep, cows and the mice.
Fig1.2 Human sperm and ovule for cloning
various forms of Cloning
Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning is performed with express intent of creating another organisms. This organism is that exact duplicates of one that already exists that or else it has existed in the past. Cloning of plants, animals, and humans falls into the class of reproductive cloning.
Reproductive Cloning Performed
Reproductive cloning is performed using a technique called Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). The genetic material from a donor egg is removed and so that you are left with an empty egg. and then a cell is taken from the organism to be cloned and its nucleus is removed. This nucleus is then transferring into the empty donor egg. Using chemicals or a mild electric shock, the egg is forced to divide, creating an embryo. This embryo is then transferred into the uterus of the host organisms.
Fig 1.3 Stages of Cloning and pregnancy
Reproductive cloning has only been use for the research purpose and however its future implications are staggered. Reproductive cloning could be used effectively for the repopulating endangered species or to help make breeding of specific animals that can easier.Reproductive cloning uses could also include the production of organisms with specific characteristics, such as drug producing the animals or genetically the single animals.
Cord Blood Stem Cells and Cloning
If you have chosen to store your child's cord blood, these umbilical stem cells can be used to help treat him in the event of illness or disease. In the future, it may be possible to use cloning techniques to help reproduce these stem cells, so that more are available for your family's use.Many feel that using umbilical cord blood stem cells for therapeutic cloning is a more ethically and morally responsible way to clone human tissue.Additionally, obtaining stem cells from umbilical cord blood is much simpler than collecting stem cells from other sources. As stem cell knowledge and techniques advance, the ability to use cord blood stem cells in more diverse ways becomes more of a reality every day.
Fig1.4 Stems cells collecting through sperm and ovule
Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning is performed not to produce another organisms but to harvest embryonic stem cells for use in medical treatments and the Embryonic stem cells are those cells were found inside of developing embryos. They can be used to produce a number of different cells including tissues, muscles, and organ cells.
Video 1.1 Doctors counsel for pregnancies
The therapeutic cloning process is very similar to that of reproductive cloning, however, instead of implanting the dividing embryo into a host, it stem cells are removed and the embryo dies.A cell is removed from the patient requiring medical treatment. The nucleus of this cell is removed and inserted into an empty donor egg. The Division is encouraged through the use of special chemicals or an electric current.The resulting embryonic stem cells are then removed from this embryo and used to treat the patient.
Fig 1.5 Therapeutic cloning for making human
Therapeutic cloning is intended for the medical use. The embryonic stem cells that this type of cloning produces can be used to create skin for burn victims, organs for transplant patients, or cells for those with spinal cord injuries.And because the cells come from the patient herself, there are no issues of cell rejection. Therapeutic cloning may also help those suffering from heart disease, Alzheimer's Disease, or Parkinson's Disease.
There are a number of ethical concerns surrounding the use of reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Many people are against the cloning of embryos or the use of embryonic stem cells for research or therapeutic purposes.Reproductive cloning is of particular concern. Many people see the cloning of plants and animals as interfering with the progression of nature.People also fear that human cloning could take place, and could result in the cloning of human babies tailored to specific genetic characteristics.Therapeutic cloning is also hotly debated. Because human embryos are destroyed after the stem cells are removed, many see therapeutic cloning as unnatural and even barbaric. For this reason, many countries do not allow therapeutic cloning.
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